▲卖烟杆的小贩-《中国人的服饰和习俗图鉴》(1814年)
英文备注译文:
烟草在整个广阔的中国帝国和更广阔的鞑靼地区的广泛使用,似乎与人们普遍接受的观点相矛盾,即这种草药只在美国本土生长。人们很难想象中国人会在三个世纪的过程中,将吸烟的习俗普及开来,因为中国人非常讨厌引入任何新奇的东西;然而事实确实如此;各阶层、各年龄段的男子;无论妇女的生活状况如何,甚至8岁或10岁的男女儿童,都配备了必要的吸烟设备。
在街上行走时,在几乎所有的生活职业中,烟斗很少从嘴里出来。不使用时,将其放在吊挂在腰带上的小袋中;另一个附属物是一个小的丝质钱包,通常附在管道上,用于盛放鸦片、槟榔或其他咀嚼物品。管子通常由竹子制成,盖子或碗由称为tutanague或瓷器的金属制成。这台机器的形状和结构具有强烈的独创性,不同于任何其他人使用的机器;但据我们所知,这种植物本身与美国发现的任何一种植物都不同,这可能是最有力的证据,证明中国自古以来就有吸烟的习俗。
英文原文:
The very general use of tobacco throughout the whole extensive empire of China , and the still more extensive regions of Tartary , would seem to contradict the commonly received opinion , that this herb is indigenousonly in America . One can hardly suppose that the Chinese , who are so remarkably averse from the introduction of any thing novel , would , in the course of three centurise, have brought the custom of smoking into universal use; yet so it is ; men of all ranks and all ages ; women ,whatever their condition in life may be , and children even of both sexes of eight or ten years of age , are furnished with the necessary apparatus for smoking tobacco . In walking the streets , in almost all the occupations of life ,the tobacco-pipe is seldom out of the mouth .
When not in use it is placed in a small pouch suspended from the girdle ; and another appendage is a small silken purse generally attached to the pipe for containing opium, areca nut , or some other masticatory . The tube of the pipe is generally made of bamboo , and the cap or bowl of the metal called tutanague , or porcelain . The shape and structure of this machine are strongly marked with originality , being unlike those in use among any other people ; but the plant itself is , we understand , of a different species to any of those found in America , which is perhaps the strongest proof of all , that the custom of smoking has existed in China from time immemorial.
威廉·亚历山大(William Alexander,1767~1816)英国画家。
生于英国肯特郡,父亲是英国坎特美斯顿城马车画匠。
自小受到父亲的熏陶,对绘画产生浓厚兴趣。
15岁时随父亲到伦敦,他于1784年入皇家学院学画,一直学到1792年。易卜逊对其才能倍加赞赏,把他推荐给马戛尔尼勋爵。
他在伦敦皇家艺术学会展览并出版画册和书刊,出版彩色的《中国服饰》及《中国衣冠举止图解》(Picturesque Representations of the Dress and Manners of the Chinese 1814)两书,介绍中国风光,使英国和欧洲人民对中国有了形象的认识,促进西方对中国的了解。
在澳门期间,他画了一幅题为《从外海眺望澳门景色》的水彩画,描绘了18世纪澳门城市风貌。同时也显示了英国对于澳门的觊觎,成为澳门历史和中英关系的重要佐证。
1808年,转任大英博物馆的印刷画及素描画管理员,直至去世。
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